which has become a leading hub for the development of cybersecurity doctrine, as well as a training ground for cyber skills in NATO and nations like Japan and Ukraine. The government’s fingerprints are also found in the private sector. Cybernetica, which works with the likes of the US Office of Naval Research Global and is one of the nation’s l

Estonia’s government has a longstanding strategy of building up the cyber sector, which is seen as an environment in which Estonia both excels and could provide significant value to other NATO countries. In 2007, Estonia was hit with what may have been the first state-backed cyberattack on another sovereign nation targeting government and private

to its Defense Industry Law to reduce unnecessary restrictions.” The Estonian government has also provided nontrivial financial support to the defense-tech sector, with then-Prime Minister Kaja Kallas greenlighting the launch of a 50 million euro defense industry fund in early 2024 to support local startups and Prime Minister Kristen Michal annou